Qiu, R. Wang, X.-L. Jiang, S.-X. Meng, J. Zhou, Z.-H. 2025 National Science Review 12 nwaf068 Protorosaurus Euparkeria Abelisaurus Acheroraptor Achillobator Acrocanthosaurus Adasaurus Aerosteon Afromimus Afrovenator Albertonykus Albinykus Alcmonavis Alectrosaurus Alioramus Allosaurus Almas Alnashetri Alvarezsaurus Alxasaurus Ambiortus Ambopteryx Anchiornis_type Anchiornis_LPMB00169 Angaturama Aniksosaurus Anserimimus Anzu Aoniraptor Apatoraptor Appalachiosaurus Apsaravis Archaeopteryx Archaeorhynchus Archaeornithura Arcovenator Asfaltovenator Asilisaurus Asteriornis Atrociraptor Aucasaurus Aurornis Australovenator Austrocheirus Austroraptor Avimimus Avisaurus_archibaldi Bagaraatan_lectotype Bahariasaurus_type Balaur Bambiraptor Bannykus Baryonyx Beipiaosaurus Beishanlong Berberosaurus Bicentenaria Bistahieversor Bohaiornis Boluochia Bonapartenykus Borogovia Buitreraptor Buriolestes Byronosaurus Caenagnathasia Caenagnathus_collinsi CAGS_IG_02_0901 CAGS_IG_04_CM_007 CAGS_IG_04_CM_023 Caihong Camarillasaurus C_iguidensis_holotype_maxilla C_iguidensis_referred_cranial C_saharicus_Stromer_1931 C_saharicus_neotype Carnotaurus Cathayornis Caudipteryx Ceratosaurus Ceratosuchops Changchengornis Changmaornis Changyuraptor Changzuiornis Chilantaisaurus Chilesaurus Chirostenotes Chongmingia Chuandongocoelurus Citipati Coelophysis_rhodesiensis Coelurus Concavenator Concornis Condorraptor Confuciusornis Corythoraptor_Banji Cruralispennia Cryolophosaurus Daemonosaurus Dahalokely Daliansaurus Dapingfangornis Datanglong Daurlong Deinocheirus Deinonychus Deltadromeus Dilophosaurus Dingavis Diodorus Dracoraptor Dracovenator Dromaeosaurus Dromomeron Dryptosaurus Dunhuangia Duriavenator Ekrixinatosaurus Elaphrosaurus Elmisaurus Elsornis Enantiophoenix Enantiornis Enigmosaurus Eoabelisaurus Eoalulavis Eocarcharia_referred_maxilla Eocarcharia_type_skullroof Eocathayornis Eocursor Eodromaeus Eoenantiornis Eogranivora Eopengornis Eoraptor Eotyrannus Epichirostenotes Epidendrosaurus Erliansaurus Erlicosaurus Eshanosaurus Eucoelophysis Eustreptospondylus Falcarius Feitianius Flexomornis Fortunguavis Fujianvenator Fukuipteryx Fukuiraptor Fukuivenator Fumicollis Gallimimus Gansus_yumenensis Ganzhousaurus Gargantuavis Garudimimus Genusaurus Genyodectes Gettyia_gloriae Giganotosaurus Gigantoraptor Gnathovorax Gobipteryx Gobivenator Gorgosaurus Grabauornis Graciliraptor Gretcheniao Guaibasaurus Gualicho Guanlong Guemesia Halimornis Hagryphus Halszkaraptor Harpymimus Hebeiornis Herrerasaurus Hesperornis Hesperornithoides Heterodontosaurus Hexing Heyuannia_huangi Heyuannia_yanshini Hollanda Hongshanornis Houornis Huanansaurus Huoshanornis Iaceornis Iberomesornis Iberospinus Ichthyornis Ichthyovenator Ilokelesia Incisivosaurus Intiornis Irritator Iteravis Ixalerpeton Jeholornis_curvipes Jeholornis_palmapenis Jeholornis_prima_holotype Jianchangornis Jiangxisaurus Jianianhualong Jinfengopteryx Jinguofortis Jiuquanornis Jixiangornis Juratyrant Kelmayisaurus KemKem_spinosaurine_rostrum_mor Khaan Khinganornis Kinnareemimus Kol Kompsornis Kongonaphon Kryptops_type_maxilla Kryptops_referred_postcranium Kuru Kwanasaurus Lagerpeton Lagosuchus_holotype Lajasvenator Leshansaurus Lesothosaurus Lewisuchus Liaoningornis Liaoningvenator Liliensternus Limusaurus Linhenykus Linheraptor Linhevenator Llukalkan Lophostropheus Longicrusavis Longipteryx Longirostravis Longusunguis Lourinhanosaurus Luanchuanraptor Lusovenator Lythronax Machairasaurus Magnosaurus Mahakala Maip Majungasaurus Mambachiton Mapusaurus Marasuchus_holotype Marshosaurus Masiakasaurus MCF_PVPH_237 Megalosaurus Megaraptor Mei Meleagris Meraxes Metriacanthosaurus Microraptor Microvenator Migmanychion Mirarce MNN_TIG6_refSpinostropheus Monolophosaurus Mononykus Moros MPC_D_100_42 MPC_D_100_44 MPC_D_100_140 MPM_99 Murusraptor Musivavis Mystiornis Nankangia Nashiungosaurus_brevispinus Natovenator Neimongosaurus Nemegtomaia Neovenator Neuquenornis Neuquenraptor NGMC91 Niebla Noasaurus Nomingia Notatesseraeraptor Nothronychus_graffami Nothronychus_mckinleyi Orkoraptor Ornitholestes Ornithomimus Oviraptor Pampadromaeus Pandoravenator Panguraptor Panphagia Parabohaiornis Parahongshanornis Parapengornis Parvavis Parvicursor Pasquiaornis Patagonykus Patagopteryx Pelecanimimus Pengornis Philovenator Phuwiangvenator Piatnitzkysaurus Pisanosaurus Piscivoravis Piveteausaurus Poekilopleuron Proceratosaurus Procompsognathus Protarchaeopteryx Protopteryx Pterygornis Pycnonemosaurus Qiliania Qiupalong Rahiolisaurus Rahonavis Rajasaurus Rapaxavis Rinchenia Riparovenator Rugops Sacisaurus Saltriovenator Sanjuansaurus Sapeornis Sarcosaurus_woodi Saturnalia Saurophaganax Saurornithoides Saurornitholestes Schizooura Scleromochlus Segisaurus Segnosaurus Serikornis Shanag Shaochilong Shengjingornis Shenqiornis Shenzhouraptor_holotype Shenzhousaurus Shidaisaurus Shishugounykus Shri Shuvuuia Siamotyrannus Siamraptor Siats Silesaurus Similicaudipteryx Sinornis Sinornithoides Sinornithosaurus Sinosaurus Sinotyrannus Sinovenator Sinraptor_dongi Sinusonasus Skorpiovenator Songlingornis Soroavisaurus Spectrovenator Spinosaurus_KemKem_morph Spinosaurus_type_Egypt Staurikosaurus Stenonychosaurus Stokesosaurus Suchomimus Sulcavis Suskityrannus Suzhousaurus Syntarsus_kayentakatae Szechuanosaurus_zigongensis Talos Tanycolagreus Tawa Teleocrater Teratophoneus Teviornis Therizinosaurus Tianyulong Tianyuornis Tianyuraptor Torvosaurus_gurneyi Torvosaurus_tanneri Tralkasaurus Tratayenia Tsaagan Tugriken_Shireh_Parvicursorinae Tugulusaurus Tyrannomimus Tyrannosaurus Tyrannotitan Unenlagia_comahuensis Unenlagia_paynemili Urbacodon Utahraptor Vayuraptor Vegavis Velociraptor_mongoliensis Velocisaurus Venetoraptor Vespersaurus Veterupristisaurus Viavenator Vorona Wiehenvenator Wulatelong Xenotarsosaurus Xiangornis Xiaotingia Xinghaiornis Xingtianosaurus Xixiasaurus Xixianykus Xiongguanlong Xiyunykus Xuanhanosaurus Yanchuavis Yangchuano_shangyouensis Yanornis Yi Yixianornis Yixianosaurus Yuanjiawaornis Yumenornis Yungavolucris Yunyangosaurus Yuornis Yurgovuchia Yutyrannus Zanabazar Zhenyuanlong Zhongjianornis Zhongjianosaurus Zhouornis Zuolong Zupaysaurus Elemgasem Erectopus_superbus Evgenavis Holbotia Kaririavis Kurupi Labocania Limenavis Lutungutali Martharaptor MBR3621_3626Tendaguru_ceratosau MCF_PVPH320_frontal MMCh_PV69_smallAbelisaur_Canale MPCN_PV69_Gianechini_et_al_2015 Overoraptor Pedopenna Pneumatoraptor Quilmesaurus Sauroniops Sigilmassasaurus Spinosaurus_B Technosaurus UBB_V649_cf_Gargantuavis Velociraptor_osmolskae Streptospondylus Aorun Berthasaura Compsognathus_corallestris Compsognathus_longipes Dilong Eosinopteryx Haplocheirus Huaxiagnathus Huinculsaurus Juravenator Ligabueino Mirischia Nedcolbertia_holotype NGMC_2124 Ningyuansaurus Nqwebasaurus Raptorex Santanaraptor Scipionyx Sciurumimus Sinocalliopteryx Sinosauropteryx_prima Xunmenglong OPH2211_frontal Sinosauropteryx_lingyuanensis Huadanosaurus Osteology Maximum Parsimony Based on reanalysis of the original matrix. Qiu_etal_2025ab